Data
Overview
IRI: https://w3id.org/contro/data
Available:
Imported Ontologies
Namespaces
Individuals
Annibal Caro
https://w3id.org/contro/data#caro- Agent
Class
Anonymous
https://w3id.org/contro/data#anon Class
- Agent
The text is presented as if written by an anonymous figure.
Anonymous
https://w3id.org/contro/data#anon- Agent
Class
- is Alias Of Lodovico Castelvetro
Assertions
Class
- Argumentation Theory
- Argumentation Theory
Class
- Dialogical Agent Annibal Caro
- Knowledge Base KB caro
Assertions
AT castelvetro
https://w3id.org/contro/data#AT_castelvetro Class
- Argumentation Theory
AT castelvetro
https://w3id.org/contro/data#AT_castelvetro- Argumentation Theory
Class
Class
- Argument
- Argument
Class
- by Predella
- Conclusion s8
- Inference Rule r3
- Premise s1
- Premise s6
- Premise s7
- Topic Disputed words
Assertions
Class
- Argument
- Argument
Class
Class
- Argument
- Argument
Class
Class
- Argument
- Argument
Class
- by Predella
- Conclusion s10
- Inference Rule r6
- Premise s14
- Premise s15
- Topic Disputed words
- Topic Latinisms
Assertions
Class
- Argument
- Argument
Class
Class
- Argument
- Argument
Class
- by Predella
- Conclusion s21
- Inference Rule r8
- Premise s19
- Premise s20
- Topic Disputed words
Assertions
Class
- Argument
- Argument
Class
- by Predella
- Conclusion s21
- Inference Rule r9
- Premise s18
- Premise s22
- Premise s4
- Topic Disputed words
Assertions
Class
- Argument
- Argument
Class
- by Predella
- Conclusion s26
- Inference Rule r10
- Premise s23
- Premise s24
- Premise s25
- Topic Disputed words
Assertions
Class
- Argument
- Argument
Class
- by Anonymous
- Conclusion s3
- Inference Rule r1
- Premise s1
- Premise s2
- Topic Disputed words
Assertions
Class
- Argument
- Argument
Class
- by Anonymous
- Conclusion s5
- Inference Rule r2
- Premise s3
- Premise s4
- Topic Disputed words
Assertions
Class
- Argument
- Argument
Class
Class
- Argument
- Argument
Class
- by Lodovico Castelvetro
- Conclusion s35
- Inference Rule r12
- Premise s32
- Premise s33
- Premise s34
- Topic Latinisms
Assertions
Class
- Argument
- Argument
Class
- by Lodovico Castelvetro
- Conclusion s39
- Inference Rule r13
- Premise s36
- Premise s37
- Premise s38
- Topic Latinisms
Assertions
Class
- Argument
- Argument
Class
Class
- Argument
- Argument
Class
Disputed words
https://w3id.org/contro/data#disputed-words Class
- Collection
Locutions featured in Annibal Caro’s canzone whose permissibility in the context of Petrarchist poetry is questioned by Lodovico Castelvetro.
Disputed words
https://w3id.org/contro/data#disputed-words- Collection
Class
Imitation
https://w3id.org/contro/data#imitationThe practice of poets and prose-writers reworking the words, stylistic features, and themes of the authors who preceded them as a way of expressing awareness of their literary heritage. In the Renaissance period, it was not regarded as plagiarism but as essential to the creation of an original literary work.
- Knowledge Base
Class
KB castelvetro
https://w3id.org/contro/data#KB_castelvetro- Knowledge Base
Class
Latinisms
https://w3id.org/contro/data#latinismsLoanwords from written Latin that are artificially introduced into Italian through phonetic and morphological adaptation, as opposed to hereditary words, which result naturally from uninterrupted phonetic evolution. Latinisms are often employed in poetic texts to elevate the stylistic register.
Lodovico Castelvetro
https://w3id.org/contro/data#castelvetro- Agent
Class
Class
- Agent
Fictional author: the text is presented as if written by the janitor of Accademia di Banchi di Roma.
- Agent
Class
- is Alias Of Annibal Caro
Assertions
The fact that Petrarch left out words used in the literature of his time is a sign that he did not use them deliberately.
- Antecedent s1
- Antecedent s2
- Consequent s3
Assertions
Unlike dead languages, a living language such as Italian must draw from the variety of its speakers and cannot be normed by a single authority.
- Antecedent s23
- Antecedent s25
- Consequent s26
Assertions
A poet who introduces foreign words without rhetorical, lexical, or customary justification fails in poetic judgment.
- Antecedent s27
- Antecedent s28
- Antecedent s29
- Antecedent s30
- Consequent s31
Assertions
If the masters of rhetoric include some linguistic practices under poetic license and omit others, then only the discussed practices are to be considered endorsed.
- Antecedent s32
- Antecedent s33
- Antecedent s34
- Consequent s35
Assertions
Horace distinguishes between words that evolve through usage and words created by authorial invention; Latinisms fall into the latter.
- Antecedent s36
- Antecedent s37
- Antecedent s38
- Consequent s39
Assertions
Unjustified latinisms should not be used in Italian poetry.
- Antecedent s12
- Antecedent s15
- Antecedent s31
- Antecedent s39
- Consequent s10
Assertions
Italian authors should avoid words that an authority like Petrarch chose not to use.
- Antecedent s3
- Antecedent s4
- Consequent s5
Assertions
Although Petrarch did not use the words, it’s impossible to determine whether he would have used them without reliable or direct knowledge of his intentions, which is unavailable.
- Antecedent s1
- Antecedent s6
- Antecedent s7
- Consequent s8
Assertions
Although Petrarch did not use those words, the authority of other influential authors in Italian literature legitimizes their use.
- Antecedent s1
- Antecedent s2
- Antecedent s4
- Antecedent s9
- Consequent s10
Assertions
If authoritative literary figures legitimize a rhetorical practice, and that practice is relevantly similar in a new context, then that practice is also legitimate in the new context.
- Antecedent s11
- Antecedent s12
- Antecedent s13
- Consequent s14
Assertions
If Italian authors are justified in using Latinisms, as those words are, then Italian authors are justified in using those words.
- Antecedent s14
- Antecedent s15
- Consequent s10
Assertions
If learning in a domain requires emulating the method rather than the outcome, then learning in an analogous domain also requires the same.
- Antecedent s16
- Antecedent s17
- Consequent s18
Assertions
Since denying authors interpretive authority over language is like denying the Church such authority over Scripture, and the Church has it, authors should have it too.
- Antecedent s19
- Antecedent s20
- Consequent s21
Assertions
If an exemplar author exercised authorial freedom, then others may follow that example by exercising similar freedom.
- Antecedent s18
- Antecedent s22
- Antecedent s4
- Consequent s21
Assertions
Petrarch never used certain words.
- value If you were to say that Petrarch had not used them, one might believe you, for you are well-versed in vocabulary
- value Se voi diceste che ’l Petrarca non l’avesse usate, vi si potrebbe credere, perché siete molto pratico nel vocabolario
- value che lo mosse a lasciarle da parte
- value that led him to set them aside
Assertions
Those words can be used.
- contradicts s5
Assertions
Greek and Latin masters of rhetoric endorse the literary use of foreign words.
Latin words are foreign to Italian speakers.
- value Poiché le parole latine sono straniere a’ vulgari
- value Since Latin words are foreign to vernacular speakers
- value they are permitted not only to use those that are foreign and common in the country, as these are
- value è lor concesso d’usar quelle che son forestiere e pratiche del paese, come son queste
Assertions
Italian is a literary language whose norms can be guided by classical precedent.
Italian authors are justified in using Latinisms.
Those words are Latinisms.
Learning involves emulating principles, not mimicking results.
- value Non sarebbe pazzo uno che, volendo imparare di caminare da un altro, gli andasse sempre dietro, mettendo i piedi appunto donde colui gli lieva?
- value Wouldn’t a man be mad who, wishing to learn how to walk from another, always followed behind him, placing his feet precisely where the other had just lifted his?
Assertions
Literary imitation is a kind of learning.
Literary imitation should emulate the author’s judgment, not reproduce their words.
- contradicts r2
- value Imitar lui vuol dire che si deve portar la persona e le gambe come egli fece; e non porre ’l piedi nelle sue stesse pedate
- value To imitate him means to carry oneself and move one’s legs as he did, not to place one’s feet in his very footprints
Assertions
To limit authors’ ability to interpret and develop the language by binding it to past usage is akin to denying the contemporary Church its role in interpreting and expanding upon sacred Scripture.
- value Questo è sentir nella lingua quel medesimo appunto che nella fede: cioè che nel Petrarca e nel Boccaccio si termini tutta la favella volgare, come negli Evangeli ed in san Paolo tutta la sacra Scrittura.
- value This is to hold in matters of language the very same belief one holds in matters of faith: to claim that vernacular Italian should be confined to Petrarch and Boccaccio, just as to claim that sacred Scripture is wholly contained in the Gospels and Saint Paul.
Assertions
Other authors of his time used those words.
- value conciofossecosaché al suo tempo fossero state usate forse tutte, ma senza dubbio la maggior parte, dagli scrittori
- value non vi contentarete voi del giudizio, dell’autorità e dell’essempio di quelli che sono i maestri dell’arte dello scrivere, dai quali hanno imparato il Petrarca e tutti gli altri buoni scrittori
- value since they had perhaps all, or at least most, been used by writers of his time
- value would you not be satisfied with the judgment, authority, and example of those who are the masters of the art of writing, the very ones from whom Petrarch and all other good writers have learned
Assertions
The Church holds the autority to interpret and expand upon sacred Scripture.
Contemporary authors have the freedom to interpret and develop the language.
Petrarch exercised authorial freedom in shaping the language.
In dead languages like Latin and Greek, one must imitate the best authors.
Living languages are naturally modified by the variety of their speakers.
Italian is a living language.
- value But in this language—which is naturally and commonly spoken and understood by all, and which presents itself to us alive and entirely uncovered in all its parts
- value Ma in questa, che naturalmente o communemente si parla e s’intende da tutti e che viva e nuda interamente e in ogni sua parte ci si mostra
Assertions
Italian should not be limited to the authority of a single author, such as Petrarch.
- value che giudizio è il vostro a pensare che necessariamente si debba cavar dagli scritti di un solo, e non anco da molti che la parlano e la scrivono;
- value what kind of judgment is it to think that one must necessarily draw from the writings of a single author, and not also from the many who speak and write it;
Assertions
Foreign words in poetry require rhetorical purpose, lexical necessity, or established usage to be justified.
Caro did not use those words ironically.
Caro was not forced to use those words by lack of Italian equivalents.
Petrarch wouldn’t have used those words.
- value Il Petrarca non userebbe:
- value Petrarch would not have used any of the elements he noted in Caro’s canzone
- value Petrarch would not use:
- value che il Petrarca non userebbe «cede» ed altre voci che seguono
- value il Petrarca non avrebbe usata niuna delle cose notate da lui nella canzone del Caro
- value that Petrarch would not use «cede» and the other words that follow
Assertions
The words Caro used were not legitimized by common usage.
Caro inserted those words gratuitously, revealing a failure of poetic judgment.
Quintilian supports the formation of Latin words after the model of Greek ones.
- value he does not mean it universally of words from every kind of foreign language, but specifically of words newly coined by the orator following the manner of a foreign tongue.
- value he means his daring as fortunate only within the bounds of the Latin language, as far as vocabulary is concerned;
- value he refers to the formation of Latin words after the model of Greek ones, and not to the importing of foreign words into another language,
- value intende dell’arditezza di lui aventurosa solamente dentro da termini della lingua latina quanto appartiene alle voci;
- value intende egli della formazione delle parole latine a similitudine delle greche, e non del portare le forestiere in un’altra lingua,
- value non intende universalmente delle voci d’ogni maniera di lingua forestiera, ma particolarmente delle voci formate di nuovo dal favellatore secondo la maniera della lingua straniera.
Assertions
Varro allows poets greater freedom than orators in forming words by morphological analogy rather than by common usage.
- value potendo il poeta «transilire lineas impune», cioè passare il segno, il che è interpretato da Varrone medesimo che il poeta può più liberamente seguire l’analogia nelle parole che non può il favellatore;
- value the poet is allowed to «transilire lineas impune», or pass the mark, which Varro himself interprets to mean that the poet may follow analogy in words more freely than the orator can;
Assertions
Quintilian and Varro represent the consensus of the masters of rhetoric on linguistic matters.
The masters of rhetoric endorse new word formation after the model of foreign words, not the usage of foreign words themselves.
- contradicts s11
- value in vain does Caro bring forth the authority of the eminent masters of rhetoric and poetry in their support, some of whom do not speak of this kind of foreign words, and some do speak of them, but deny their use or do not allow it in this case
- value vanamente si producono dal Caro per sostegno loro l’autorità de’ valenti maestri di ritorica e di poesia, alcuni de’ quali non parlano di questa maniera di parole strane e alcuni ne parlano sì, ma niegano l’uso loro o non lo concedono in questo caso
Assertions
Horace teaches that usage is the arbiter of the survival and demise of words within a language.
- value La podestà del quale uso è molto grande nel generar vocaboli e nel ravivare i già morti e nell’abbattere gli onorati, sì come dice Orazio
- value The power of usage is indeed great in generating new words, in reviving the dead, and in bringing down those that are honored, as Horace says
- value it does not follow in the case of Horace because he calls usage the begetter of words, or because he says that many words now dead will be reborn, and many that are esteemed will fall into this condition
- value non si concede ciò per Orazio perché egli chiami l’uso generator delle parole, o perché dica che molte parole già morte rinasceranno, e molte, che sono in pregio, cadranno con questa condizione
Assertions
Horace acknowledges the writer’s license to coin new words through individual ingenuity.
Latinisms are not products of usage but artificial formations introduced by the author.
The legitimacy of Latinisms in Italian poetry depends solely on the ingenuity of the author.
- contradicts s14
- value La podestà del quale uso è molto grande nel generar vocaboli e nel ravivare i già morti e nell’abbattere gli onorati, sì come dice Orazio, ma è picciola o nulla nel producere voci artificiose per significazione o per formazione
- value The power of usage is indeed great in generating new words, in reviving the dead, and in bringing down those that are honored, as Horace says, but it is slight or null when it comes to producing artificial words either by signification or by formation
- value as all this liberty in coining words depends entirely on the ingenious daring of the writer, and not on the force of prevailing usage
- value pendendo del tutto questo lecito coniamento de’ vocaboli dall’ardire ingegnoso dello scrittore e non dalla forza del potente uso
Assertions
Petrarch is an authority in Italian literature.
- value I grant that the perfection of style—though never fully realized in practice—has, up to now, been found in our language particularly in Petrarch and Boccaccio.
- value Voglio che la perfezion del dire (ancora che non si dia interamente in atto) sia in fino a ora in questa lingua, spezialmente nel Petrarca e nel Boccaccio
- value avendo il Petrarca per principe de’ poeti in questa lingua e per degno di riverenza e d’ammirazione a tutte l’altre.
- value since he holds Petrarch as the prince of poets in our language, worthy of reverence and admiration above all others.
Assertions
Pietro Bembo is a master of discernment in imitation for Italian literature.
- value And in this respect, our language owes perpetual gratitude to Bembo, for he taught us how to proceed in this way, and restrained the boldness of those who transgressed too licentiously in this matter
- value E in questo ha spezialmente la nostra favella perpetuo obligo col Bembo, perché n’insegnò la via di così fare, e raffrenò l’audacia di coloro che troppo licenziosamente in ciò trascorrevano
- value one must select certain authoritative writers to trust regarding the choice of words; or rather, one should acknowledge those that Messer Pietro Bembo has already selected
- value sono da sciegliere certi scrittori d’autorità a quali si possa prestar fede nell’elezione delle parole; o più tosto sono da riconoscere i già scielti da messer Pietro Bembo
Assertions
Bembo argues that only the best authors of the 14th century, in their finished and approved works, are worthy of imitation.
- value I refrain from placing much trust in this regard in Lorenzo de’ Medici, in Angelo Poliziano, or in any other more recent author, since I do so on the advice of Bembo himself
- value I volumi adunque riprovati da gli loro quantunque degni scrittori, o lasciatici imperfetti, o ripresi liberamente dal Bembo quanto è alla lingua, o trapassati per lui sotto taciturnità non ci possono rendere sicuri da biasimo se riempieremo i nostri scritti delle loro voci
- value Volumes, then, disavowed by their authors, however worthy, left to us incomplete, freely criticized by Bembo with regard to their language, or passed over by him in silence, cannot shield us from reproach if we fill our writings with their words
- value giudica essere il Boccaccio l’ottimo prosatore e ’l Petrarca l’ottimo rimatore, e amenduni gli ultimi in tempo da essere creduti
- value he judges Boccaccio to be the finest prose writer, Petrarch the finest poet, and both the most recent in time to be worthy of consideration
- value io mi ritrarrò da dar molta credenza in questa parte a Lorenzo de’ Medici, o ad Angelo Poliziano, o ad alcun altro più moderno, poi che lo farò consigliato da esso Bembo
Assertions
Those words should not be used.
There is no direct knowledge of Petrarch’s intention.
- value But in saying outright that «he would not use them», one must consider whether you have reliable authority on the matter, and what exactly you know of it; whether, by chance, as you so freely dispense the name and wisdom of Petrarch, his very spirit has entered your body.
- value Ma, dicendo affermativamente «non l’userebbe», bisogna intender se l’avete di buon loco, e quel che voi ne sapete; se per aventura spacciando, come fate, il nome e ’l senno del Petrarca, vi fosse entrato il suo spirito in corpo
Assertions
Castelvetro is not a reliable interpreter of Petrarch’s mind.
- value But in saying outright that «he would not use them», one must consider whether you have reliable authority on the matter, and what exactly you know of it; whether, by chance, as you so freely dispense the name and wisdom of Petrarch, his very spirit has entered your body.
- value Ma, dicendo affermativamente «non l’userebbe», bisogna intender se l’avete di buon loco, e quel che voi ne sapete; se per aventura spacciando, come fate, il nome e ’l senno del Petrarca, vi fosse entrato il suo spirito in corpo
Assertions
It is not possible to know whether Petrarch would have used those words.
- contradicts r1
- value But if it is merely something you say and imagine on your own, I am under no obligation to believe it, and your imagination carries no weight.
- value Ma, quando lo diciate e ve l’imaginiate da voi, al vostro detto non sono obligato di credere, e la vostra imaginazione non fa caso.
Assertions
Other authors have authority as well.
- value non vi contentarete voi del giudizio, dell’autorità e dell’essempio di quelli che sono i maestri dell’arte dello scrivere, dai quali hanno imparato il Petrarca e tutti gli altri buoni scrittori
- value would you not be satisfied with the judgment, authority, and example of those who are the masters of the art of writing, the very ones from whom Petrarch and all other good writers have learned
Assertions
- value cede
Assertions
- value gesti
Assertions
- value inserte
Assertions
- value amene
Assertions
- value ambo
Assertions
- value simulacri
Assertions
- value ancor essa
Assertions
- value Suo merto e tuo valor
Assertions
- value inviolata
Assertions
- value tarpato
Assertions
- value propizia
Assertions
- value illustri